Climate and Climate Change Holt 13

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Quizlet Chapter 13

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13 Matching questions

1.  Seasons
2.  ozone
3.  Ozone Layer
4.  convection
5.  Acid Precipitation
6.  Kyoto Protocol
7.  Weather
8.  UV Radiation
9.  Secondary Pollutants
10.  pH
11.  Global Warming Effects
12.  Acids
13.  cataracts

1. acontrolling global warming by setting greenhouse gas emissions targets for developed countries (no teeth)
2. ba layer in the stratosphere (at approximately 20 miles) that contains a concentration of ozone sufficient to block most ultraviolet radiation from the sun
3. cHeat transfer by vertical motion of currents or thermals (Molecules within fluids i.e. water, air)
4. dpollutants that form from chemical reactions that occur when primary pollutants come in contact with other primary pollutants or with naturally occuring substances, such as water vapor.
5. ea measure of how acidic or basic a solution is
6. frain, sleet, or snow, that contains a high concentration of acids (Sulfur and Nitrogen), often because of the pollution of the atmosphere
7. ga period of the year characterized by particular conditions of weather, temperature due to the tilt of Earth relative to the sun
8. hSulfur Dioxides Nitrogen Oxides, have a low pH
9. iA form of oxygen that has three oxygen atoms in each molecule instead of the usual two.
10. jcondition of Earth's atmosphere at a particular time and place
11. kEnergy from the sun that damages DNA structure, increases mutation rate, and causes skin cancer.
12. lClouding of opacity of the lenses of the eye
13. mRise in sea levels and average temperatures

12 True/False questions

1. Montreal Protocol → controlling global warming by setting greenhouse gas emissions targets for developed countries (no teeth)
    True         False
2. latitude → Sulfur Dioxides Nitrogen Oxides, have a low pH
    True         False
3. perihelion → The place in the Earth's orbit where Earth is farthest away from the sun.
    True         False
4. poles → Northern and southern most points on the Earth.
    True         False
5. equator → condition of Earth's atmosphere at a particular time and place
    True         False
6. tropics → Equatorial region between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. It is characterized by generally warm or hot temperatures year-round, though much variation exists due to altitude and other factors.
    True         False
7. Greenhouse Effect → The atmosphere traps solar radiation, because of gases such as CO2, methane and water vapor.
    True         False
8. Rain Shadow → Clouding of opacity of the lenses of the eye
    True         False
9. Primary Pollutants → pollutants that are put directly into the air by human or natural activity.
    True         False
10. Climate Change → the weather in some location averaged over some long period of time
     True         False
11. Climate → the weather in some location averaged over some long period of time
     True         False
12. aphelion → The point at which the earth is closest to the sun
     True         False

1.	Acid Precipitation		rain, sleet, or snow, that contains a high concentration of acids (Sulfur and Nitrogen), often because of the pollution of the atmosphere
2.	Acids		Sulfur Dioxides Nitrogen Oxides, have a low pH
3.	aphelion		The place in the Earth's orbit where Earth is farthest away from the sun.
4.	cataracts		Clouding of opacity of the lenses of the eye
5.	Climate		the weather in some location averaged over some long period of time
6.	Climate Change		long-term significant change in the weather patterns of an area
7.	convection		Heat transfer by vertical motion of currents or thermals (Molecules within fluids i.e. water, air)
8.	equator		An imaginary line around the Earth forming the great circle that is equidistant from the north and south poles
9.	Global Warming Effects		Rise in sea levels and average temperatures
10.	Greenhouse Effect		The atmosphere traps solar radiation, because of gases such as CO2, methane and water vapor.
11.	Kyoto Protocol		controlling global warming by setting greenhouse gas emissions targets for developed countries (no teeth)
12.	latitude		Distance north or south of the equator
13.	Montreal Protocol		meeting in 1987 where a group of nations met in Canada and agreed to take steps to fight against Ozone Depletion-CFC's banned (success)
14.	ozone		A form of oxygen that has three oxygen atoms in each molecule instead of the usual two.
15.	Ozone Layer		a layer in the stratosphere (at approximately 20 miles) that contains a concentration of ozone sufficient to block most ultraviolet radiation from the sun
16.	perihelion		The point at which the earth is closest to the sun
17.	pH		a measure of how acidic or basic a solution is
18.	poles		Northern and southern most points on the Earth.
19.	Primary Pollutants		pollutants that are put directly into the air by human or natural activity.
20.	Rain Shadow		the area on the dry, sheltered side of a mountain, which receives little rainfall
21.	Seasons		a period of the year characterized by particular conditions of weather, temperature due to the tilt of Earth relative to the sun

22.	Secondary Pollutants		pollutants that form from chemical reactions that occur when primary pollutants come in contact with other primary pollutants or with naturally occuring substances, such as water vapor.
23.	tropics		Equatorial region between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. It is characterized by generally warm or hot temperatures year-round, though much variation exists due to altitude and other factors.
24.	UV Radiation		Energy from the sun that damages DNA structure, increases mutation rate, and causes skin cancer.
25.	Weather		condition of Earth's atmosphere at a particular time and place Text Pages  326-351 Chapter summary page 348 1.       How are Ozone and climate change related? 2.       What are some of the major gases associated with global warming? 3.       How do ozone holes form? 4.       How does latitude affect climate and seasons? 5.       What are the tropics, Equator, poles, and mid-latitudes? 6.       What are some properties of air when it is heated, compressed and cooled? 7.       What would be some negative effects of global warming? 8.       How does ultraviolet radiation alter human health? 9.       Ozone should replenish itself, why? 10.   What has been done to reduce greenhouse gases? 11.   How can we prevent further depletion of the ozone layer? Vocabulary  Sylvester Holt Climate Change 13 Study online at quizlet.com/_19dfpj 1.Acid Precipitation 2.Acids: 3.aphelion: 4.cataracts: 5.Climate: 6.Climate Change: 7.convection: 8.equator: 9.Global Warming Effects: 10.Greenhouse Effect: 11.Kyoto Protocol: 12.latitude: 13.mid-latitudes: 14.Montreal Protocol: 15.ozone: 16.Ozone Layer: 17.perihelion: 18.pH: 19.poles: 20.Primary Pollutants: 21.Rain Shadow 22.Seasons:  United States, China, and Leaders of G-20 Countries Announce Historic Progress Toward a Global Phase Down of HFCs The White House Office of the Press Secretary September 06, 2013 Today, President Obama reached separate agreements with the G-20 and with China to combat global climate change by addressing the rapid growth in the use and release of climate-damaging hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). Two statements on HFCs were released today, one in the context of the G20 Leaders’ Declaration and one bilaterally with China.  First, G-20 leaders expressed their support for initiatives that are complementary to efforts under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), including using the expertise and institutions of the Montreal Protocol to phase down the production and consumption of HFCs, while retaining HFCs within the scope of the UNFCCC and its Kyoto Protocol for accounting and reporting of emissions. This was agreed by the following countries:  Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey,the United Kingdom, the United States, and the European Union, as well as Ethiopia, Spain, Senegal, Brunei, Kazakhstan, and Singapore. The G-20 agreement on HFCs reads as follows:We also support complementary initiatives, through multilateral approaches that include using the expertise and the institutions of the Montreal Protocol to phase down the production and consumption of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), based on the examination of economically viable and technically feasible alternatives.  We will continue to include HFCs within the scope of UNFCCC and its Kyoto Protocol for accounting and reporting of emissions.Second, building on their June 8 accord on HFCs in Sunnylands, President Obama and President Xi agreed at their bilateral meeting as a next step on HFCs to establish a contact group under the Montreal Protocol to consider issues related to cost-effectiveness, financial and technology support, safety, environmental benefits, and an amendment to the Montreal Protocol. The agreement between President Obama and President Xi on HFCs reads as follows: We reaffirm our announcement on June 8, 2013 that the United States and China agreed to work together and with other countries through multilateral approaches that include using the expertise and institutions of the Montreal Protocol to phase down the production and consumption of HFCs, while continuing to include HFCs within the scope of UNFCCC and its Kyoto Protocol provisions for accounting and reporting of emissions. We emphasize the importance of the Montreal Protocol, including as a next step through the establishment of an open-ended contact group to consider all relevant issues, including financial and technology support to Article 5 developing countries, cost effectiveness, safety of substitutes, environmental benefits and an amendment. We reiterate our firm commitment to work together and with other countries to agree on a multilateral solution. Background:  HFCs are potent greenhouse gases used in refrigerators, air conditioners, and industrial applications. While they do not deplete the ozone layer, many are highly potent greenhouse gases whose use is growing rapidly as replacements for ozone-depleting substances being phased out under the Montreal Protocol. Left unabated, HFC emissions could grow to nearly 20 percent of carbon dioxide emissions by 2050, a serious climate mitigation concern. The Montreal Protocol was established in 1987 to protect the ozone layer. Every country in the world is a party to the Protocol, and it has successfully phased out or is in the process of phasing out several key classes of chemicals, including chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), and halons. The transitions out of CFCs and HCFCs provide major ozone layer protection benefits, but the unintended consequence is the rapid current and projected future growth of climate-damaging HFCs. For the past four years, the United States, Canada, and Mexico have proposed an amendment to the Montreal Protocol to phase down the production and consumption of HFCs. The amendment would reduce consumption and production and control byproduct emissions of HFCs in all countries, and includes a financial assistance component for countries that can already access the Protocol’s Multilateral Fund.  The proposal leaves unchanged the reporting and accounting provisions of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and Kyoto Protocol on HFC emissions. Reducing HFCs are an important domestic component of the President’s Climate Action Plan, as well.  For example, the Administration has already acted domestically by including a flexible and powerful incentive in fuel efficiency and carbon pollution standards for cars and trucks to encourage automakers to reduce HFC leakage and transition away from the most potent HFCs in vehicle air conditioning systems. Moving forward, the Environmental Protection Agency will use its authority through the Significant New Alternatives Policy Program to encourage private sector investment in low-emissions technology by identifying and approving climate-friendly chemicals while prohibiting certain uses of the most harmful chemical alternatives. In addition, the President has directed his Administration to purchase cleaner alternatives to HFCs whenever feasible and transition over time to equipment that uses safer and more sustainable alternatives. United States and China Agree to Work Together on Phase Down of HFCs The White House Office of the Press SecretaryFor Immediate ReleaseJune 08, 2013 Today, President Obama and President Xi agreed on an important new step to confront global climate change. For the first time, the United States and China will work together and with other countries to use the expertise and institutions of the Montreal Protocol to phase down the consumption and production of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), among other forms of multilateral cooperation. A global phase down of HFCs could potentially reduce some 90 gigatons of CO2 equivalent by 2050, equal to roughly two years worth of current global greenhouse gas emissions. The agreement between the United States and China reads as follows: Regarding HFCs, the United States and China agreed to work together and with other countries through multilateral approaches that include using the expertise and institutions of the Montreal Protocol to phase down the production and consumption of HFCs, while continuing to include HFCs within the scope of UNFCCC and its Kyoto Protocol provisions for accounting and reporting of emissions. HFCs are potent greenhouse gases used in refrigerators, air conditioners, and industrial applications. While they do not deplete the ozone layer, many are highly potent greenhouse gases. Their use is growing rapidly as replacements for ozone-depleting substances that are being phased out under the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. Left unabated, HFC emissions growth could grow to nearly 20 percent of carbon dioxide emissions by 2050, a serious climate mitigation concern. The Montreal Protocol was established in 1987 to facilitate a global approach to combat depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer. Every country in the world is a party to the Protocol, and it has successfully phased out or is in the process of phasing out several key classes of chemicals, including chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), and halons. The transitions out of CFCs and HCFCs provide major ozone layer protection benefits, but the unintended consequence is the rapid current and projected future growth of climate-damaging HFCs. For the past four years, the United States, Canada, and Mexico have proposed an amendment to the Montreal Protocol to phase down the production and consumption of HFCs. The amendment would gradually reduce consumption and production and control byproduct emissions of HFCs in all countries, and require reporting in these areas. The amendment includes a financial assistance component for countries that can already access the Protocol’s Multilateral Fund, and leaves unchanged the reporting and accounting provisions of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and Kyoto Protocol on HFC emissions. Define Hydrofluorocarbons Kyoto Protocol Montreal Protocol Emissions Component greenhouse gases multilateral ozone-depleting provisions combat complementary What were the major provisions of the Montreal and Kyoto protocols? How has the use of ozone-depleting chemicals been reduced?