condition of Earth's atmosphere at a particular time and place
Text Pages 326-351
Chapter summary page 348
1.
How are Ozone and climate change related?
2.
What are some of the major gases associated with
global warming?
3.
How do ozone holes form?
4.
How does latitude affect climate and seasons?
5.
What are the tropics, Equator, poles, and
mid-latitudes?
6.
What are some properties of air when it is
heated, compressed and cooled?
7.
What would be some negative effects of global
warming?
8.
How does ultraviolet radiation alter human
health?
9.
Ozone should replenish itself, why?
10.
What has been done to reduce greenhouse gases?
11.
How can we prevent further depletion of the
ozone layer?
Vocabulary
Sylvester Holt Climate Change 13
Study online at quizlet.com/_19dfpj
1.Acid Precipitation
2.Acids:
3.aphelion:
4.cataracts:
5.Climate:
6.Climate Change:
7.convection:
8.equator:
9.Global Warming Effects:
10.Greenhouse Effect:
11.Kyoto Protocol:
12.latitude:
13.mid-latitudes:
14.Montreal Protocol:
15.ozone:
16.Ozone Layer:
17.perihelion:
18.pH:
19.poles:
20.Primary Pollutants:
21.Rain Shadow
22.Seasons:
United
States, China, and Leaders of G-20 Countries Announce Historic Progress Toward
a Global Phase Down of HFCs
The
White House Office of the Press Secretary September 06, 2013
Today,
President Obama reached separate agreements with the G-20 and with China to
combat global climate change by addressing the rapid growth in the use and
release of climate-damaging hydrofluorocarbons
(HFCs).
Two
statements on HFCs were released today, one in the context of the G20 Leaders’
Declaration and one bilaterally with
China. First, G-20 leaders expressed
their support for initiatives that
are complementary to efforts under the UN Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC), including using the expertise and institutions of the Montreal Protocol to phase down the
production and consumption of HFCs, while retaining HFCs within the scope of
the UNFCCC and its Kyoto Protocol
for accounting and reporting of emissions.
This
was agreed by the following countries:
Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India,
Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa,
Turkey,the United Kingdom, the United States, and the European Union, as well
as Ethiopia, Spain, Senegal, Brunei, Kazakhstan, and Singapore.
The
G-20 agreement on HFCs reads as follows:We also support complementary initiatives, through multilateral approaches that
include using the expertise and the institutions of the Montreal Protocol to
phase down the production and consumption of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), based
on the examination of economically viable and technically feasible
alternatives. We will continue to
include HFCs within the scope of UNFCCC and its Kyoto Protocol for accounting
and reporting of emissions.Second,
building on their June 8 accord on HFCs in Sunnylands, President Obama and
President Xi agreed at their bilateral meeting as a next step on HFCs to
establish a contact group under the Montreal Protocol to consider issues related
to cost-effectiveness, financial and technology support, safety, environmental
benefits, and an amendment to the Montreal Protocol.
The
agreement between President Obama and President Xi on HFCs reads as follows:
We
reaffirm our announcement on June 8, 2013 that the United States and China
agreed to work together and with other countries through multilateral
approaches that include using the expertise and institutions of the Montreal
Protocol to phase down the production and consumption of HFCs, while continuing
to include HFCs within the scope of UNFCCC and its Kyoto Protocol provisions
for accounting and reporting of emissions. We emphasize the importance of the
Montreal Protocol, including as a next step through the establishment of an
open-ended contact group to consider all relevant issues, including financial
and technology support to Article 5 developing countries, cost effectiveness,
safety of substitutes, environmental benefits and an amendment. We reiterate
our firm commitment to work together and with other countries to agree on a multilateral solution.
Background: HFCs are potent greenhouse gases used in refrigerators, air conditioners, and
industrial applications. While they do not deplete the ozone layer, many are
highly potent greenhouse gases whose use is growing rapidly as replacements for
ozone-depleting substances being
phased out under the Montreal Protocol. Left unabated, HFC emissions could grow
to nearly 20 percent of carbon dioxide emissions by 2050, a serious climate
mitigation concern. The Montreal Protocol was established in 1987 to protect
the ozone layer. Every country in the world is a party to the Protocol, and it
has successfully phased out or is in the process of phasing out several key
classes of chemicals, including chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs),
hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), and halons. The transitions out of CFCs and
HCFCs provide major ozone layer protection benefits, but the unintended
consequence is the rapid current and projected future growth of
climate-damaging HFCs.
For
the past four years, the United States, Canada, and Mexico have proposed an
amendment to the Montreal Protocol to phase down the production and consumption
of HFCs. The amendment would reduce consumption and production and control
byproduct emissions of HFCs in all countries, and includes a financial
assistance component for countries
that can already access the Protocol’s Multilateral Fund. The proposal leaves unchanged the reporting
and accounting provisions of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and
Kyoto Protocol on HFC emissions. Reducing HFCs are an important domestic
component of the President’s Climate Action Plan, as well. For example, the Administration has already
acted domestically by including a flexible and powerful incentive in fuel efficiency and carbon pollution
standards for cars and trucks to encourage automakers to reduce HFC leakage and
transition away from the most potent HFCs in vehicle air conditioning systems.
Moving forward, the Environmental Protection Agency will use its authority
through the Significant New Alternatives Policy Program to encourage private
sector investment in low-emissions technology by identifying and approving
climate-friendly chemicals while prohibiting
certain uses of the most harmful chemical alternatives. In addition, the
President has directed his Administration to purchase cleaner alternatives to
HFCs whenever feasible and transition over time to equipment that uses safer
and more sustainable alternatives.
United
States and China Agree to Work Together on Phase Down of HFCs
The
White House Office of the Press SecretaryFor Immediate ReleaseJune 08, 2013
Today,
President Obama and President Xi agreed on an important new step to confront
global climate change. For the first time, the United States and China will
work together and with other countries to use the expertise and institutions of
the Montreal Protocol to phase down the consumption and production of
hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), among other forms of multilateral cooperation. A
global phase down of HFCs could potentially reduce some 90 gigatons of CO2
equivalent by 2050, equal to roughly two years worth of current global
greenhouse gas emissions.
The
agreement between the United States and China reads as follows:
Regarding
HFCs, the United States and China agreed to work together and with other
countries through multilateral approaches that include using the expertise and
institutions of the Montreal Protocol to phase down the production and
consumption of HFCs, while continuing to include HFCs within the scope of
UNFCCC and its Kyoto Protocol provisions for accounting and reporting of
emissions.
HFCs
are potent greenhouse gases used in refrigerators, air conditioners, and
industrial applications. While they do not deplete the ozone layer, many are
highly potent greenhouse gases. Their use is growing rapidly as replacements
for ozone-depleting substances that are being phased out under the Montreal
Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. Left unabated, HFC
emissions growth could grow to nearly 20 percent of carbon dioxide emissions by 2050, a serious climate mitigation
concern.
The
Montreal Protocol was established in 1987 to facilitate a global approach to combat depletion of the stratospheric
ozone layer. Every country in the world is a party to the Protocol, and it has
successfully phased out or is in the process of phasing out several key classes
of chemicals, including chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons
(HCFCs), and halons. The transitions out of CFCs and HCFCs provide major ozone
layer protection benefits, but the unintended consequence is the rapid current
and projected future growth of climate-damaging HFCs.
For
the past four years, the United States, Canada, and Mexico have proposed an
amendment to the Montreal Protocol to phase down the production and consumption
of HFCs. The amendment would gradually reduce consumption and production and
control byproduct emissions of HFCs in all countries, and require reporting in
these areas. The amendment includes a financial assistance component for
countries that can already access the Protocol’s Multilateral Fund, and leaves
unchanged the reporting and accounting provisions
of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and Kyoto Protocol on HFC
emissions.
Define
Hydrofluorocarbons
Kyoto Protocol
Montreal Protocol
Emissions
Component
greenhouse gases
multilateral
ozone-depleting
provisions
combat
complementary
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What were the major
provisions of the Montreal and Kyoto protocols?
|
|
How has the use of ozone-depleting
chemicals been reduced?
|
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