practice for test and assignmnets
 | Sylvester Holt Environmental Science Chapter 16
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1.Aggregates: sand, grave, and crushed rock
2.Bond: in a bond forfeiture program, a mining company must post funds, called a <>, before a mining project begins
3.Dumps: excess rock from mines is sometimes dumped into large piles
4.EPA: An independent federal agency established to coordinate programs aimed at reducing pollution and protecting the environment
5.Evaporties: when the water in these seas or lakes evaporates, deposits of salts are left behind
6.Flux: in the furnace, material called a <> bonds with impurities and separates them from the molten metal
7.forfeiture: Government seizure of property and other assets derived from or used in criminal activity.
8.Gangue Minerals: minerals that have no commercial value
9.Gemstones: some nonmetallic minerals that are prized purely for their beauty, rarity, or durability
10.Hydrothermal Solutions: hot, subsurface waters that contain dissolved minerals
11.Incentive: Anything that offers rewards to people who change their behavior
12.License: A legal document stating that the holder has permission from the proper authorities to carry on a certain trade or profession
13.Longwall: the wall of the seam, may be more than 300m long
14.Mineral: a naturally occurring, usually inorganic solid that has a characteristic chemical composition, an orderly internal structure, and a characteristic set of physical properties
15.Native elements: the elements gold, silver, and copper are considered minerals
16.Open-pit mining: a method that is often used when large quantities of near-surface ore are mined
17.Ore Minerals: minerals that are valuable and economical to extract
18.Overburden: covered near-surface coal seams
19.Penalty: the act of punishing
20.Reclamation: the process of returning land to its original or better condition after mining is completed
21.Room-And-Pillar Mining: a common method of subsurface mining that is used to extract coal and salt
22.Smelting: crushed ore is melted at high temperatures in furnaces to separate impurities from molten metal
23.Subsidence: the sinking of regions of the ground with little or no horizontal movement
24.Subsurface mining: ore deposits that are usually 50 m or more beneath Earth's surface are mined by using <> methods
25.Surface mining: methods are used when ore deposits are located close to Earth's surface
